By smell of the bark and or wood (and obviously this is when you are perhaps given or find a dislocated chunk o' wood) I can detect cherry, maple, sassafras (easy), walnut, catalpa, red oak, basswood, aspen, buckeye and mulberry. Hey, not a big list, but it has been thru experience that I know I can do this. Also, I imagine any cedar would be very easy to detect, especially western red (smells like pencils), and eastern aromatic (smells like gerbils).
I was joking about the taste.